Misleading claims with numbers

There are a few different ways of having a misleading claim with numbers. One of these is called comparing apples and oranges. this is when someone compares a number of one item with a number of another item that has nothing to do with the first item. For example, I have two cats and my brother has 5 dogs. Who has more? This is too vague of a comparison because it does not say who has more of what? This makes this comparison completely meaningless. Another misleading claim with numbers is often used in advertisements in commercials or magazines. For example, on Pro Active commercials, they will say that 90 percent of people who use this product see results or get clear skin immediately. But this is a mistaken comparison. I do not know how many people they used in their comparison. If it was 90 out of 100 then I would most likely use the product and purchase it. But it is it 9 out of 10 people, it is not so appealing and might not think its worth my money.

Signs of Reasoning

Signs of reasoning comes in different forms depending on the context given. Some of these are logic which has forms of inductive and deductive reasoning, which points out the facts. It is either true or not true. Another form is scientific reasoning. This is based on experiments, observations, and predictions. While testing scientific  reasoning it is important to look at the consistency acceptability, and reatability. Visual/aural proof which is uaually done in digital media and gives visual proof which has the most credibility and is growing to be a very useful source of reasoning. Enthymemes is a form of reasoning based on assumption of what the audience hears. Storytelling is a common cultural from of reasoning. It gains the audiences attention and gives examples and causes and effect in their storys.

Reasonings.

• Reasoning by analogy: Education is like a safety blanket.Safety blankets keep you safe and education can help you feel safe in getting a good career in the future. Reasoning by analogy is a comparison. It may be reasonable but it is not an argument.
• Sign reasoning: I walk to school because I missed the bus. The only way I could get to school was walking. This is logical reasoning.
• Casual reasoning: Working out makes you skinny. This is a casual reasoning because it hold a cause and effect. This statement is generalized and isn't always true. It's just assumed
• Criteria reasoning: My friend thinks all black cats are bad luck. So when she see's a black cat I assume she is goin to freak out.
• Reasoning by example: You need to study before taking a test. One time I took a test and thought I'd do okay since I went to class everyday. I got a D because I did not study and couldn't remember some of the stuff we went over in lecture.
• Inductive reasoning: I always check my locks before I leave. So when I go to my friends house I will check my lock.
• Deductive reasoning: All cats meow. My cat meows. This in deductive because both statements are true..

Needs more help in details.

I must say that the book we are reading for class is very well written and every chapter has great examples and helps explain a lot. But if I had to choose a chapter that I felt could have been explained better it would be chapter 6 on Compound claims.  When they define contradictory of an or claim and contradictory or a an claim. They used A and B to define them and I found it to be a little confusing what A and B were. If they used an example of what each letter stood for, I'd understand it a lot better if it were explain what A and B were. In the book they define contradictory of an or claim as A or B contradictory not A and Not B. I read a web page that said that many people who believe in claims with a lack of evidence is usually people who have wishful thinking. This is a tactic of fallacy that discredits people who have a lack of proof in their claims and or statements does that. (http://www.skepdic.com/ignorance.html)

What I learned in my Assignment..

I think that both assignments were very helpful and useful.  Personaly, reading a chapter and then applying everything or a few things about it, into my paper really helps me understand it better. Also, my group helped me out a lot! There were times where I didn't understand what I was suppose to be writing about, but my group, especially for the las assignment, helped give me a better idea on what I needed to write about and also inspired me to open up my book and read over chapter 9 CONCEALED CLAIMS, and chapter 12, REASONING BY ANALOGY again. Since I had the topic of PETA (people for ethical treatement of animals), I learned about how the would use the power of persuasive definitions to make their arguement. This is a way, in which they would define the problem and say how animals are being used in laboratories and have holes drilled in their heads. This is defining the issue and can not be argued. Reading advertisements for PETA also helped me to learn about proof subsitutes. They would say why people would stop abusing animals because of things the PETA said animals would go through, although it seems convincing, they did not have any proof shown in these ads.

General Claims

A) In Chapter 8, I learned about how the words all, same and only can be the deciding factor on if a claim is true or false.
- Using the word ALL, means "every single one", and that one is at least present.
- SOME means one or more, but not every single one.  
By using these words, it helps create general claims. When general claims are made, it is hard to come up with a contradictory counter argument.
Ex:  Paranormal Activity   is a scary movie. Paranormal Activity isn't scary to everyone.
*Some would come up with a contradictory: "Paranormal Activity is scary to everyone." This is wrong, it should be: "The movie Paranormal Activity is a scary to some people."
B) Validity is a direct way of reasoning with the word "all."
A way to check validity is to draw a diagram.
-What ever circles drawn represents a collection
- One collection is completely inside the other collection circle
-If these circles over lap eachother, that means they have something in common.
-A dot inside the circle will represent a certain object is in that collection
-Now you identify the premises that are true while also showing the conclusion that is false
Ex of valid: All my cats stay indoors. Kell Is my cat. So Kell stays indoors.
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Argue,counterargument, counter-counterargument

It's important and benefits you, if you bring the others side's arguments in to your controversial claim.
To organize your claims:
1) You should list al your premises and a conclusion
2) The argument with idicaters ( like, as,or, because, etc.)
This helps people stay organized, so that they will know that it is a strong or valid argument off top.  Sometimes people need to make a decision to either have a strong argument that consists of dubious premises, or they can go through every one of their premises and prove them all to be true. If they do this, they leave out the dubious premises, which with out a dubious premise, the claim is not strong or valid. Also, there may be a strong beginning but with out a strong conclusion, it means nothing and leaves the reader hanging. So be sure to make sure the conclusion matches the premises.